Steam Air Heaters
These fin tubes can be provided with Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel or Copper wire fins on Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel or Copper, Brass and Cupro Nickel tubes. To demonstrate the performance of these fin tubes against helical fin tubes we have done the following:
Tables giving maximum air velocity and performance for various tubes at different pressure drop points. (Measured in inches of water column.)
We have after analysis computed the following tables where we have generated the maximum airflow rate possible for every panel given a pressure drop limit. We have set the limit at .5", 1", 1.5" and 2" of water column. For this maximum airflow, we have given the corresponding heat transfer parameters. These tables allow us to optimize the tubes and airflow rates to get the desired results.
1) 0.5" Water Column
| Air | Air side | Air | Udlinear | LMTD | Heat Load | Outlet |
Tube | Velocity | Pr Drop | Co eff | | | | temp |
P4 | 700 | 0.463 | 40.06 | 24.70 | 85.95 | 218207.2 | 82.5 |
R2 | 600 | 0.430 | 44.04 | 31.25 | 82.02 | 206876.7 | 88.6 |
L fin | 700 | 0.471 | 38.45 | 27.17 | 88.40 | 203700.0 | 77.3 |
S1 | 700 | 0.440 | 47.95 | 34.63 | 84.81 | 225038.0 | 84.3 |
S2 | 600 | 0.430 | 56.51 | 39.18 | 76.94 | 231272.5 | 96.1 |
S3 | 500 | 0.394 | 62.45 | 42.21 | 68.79 | 222815.3 | 107.20 |
S4 | 500 | 0.473 | 71.83 | 46.45 | 65.61 | 233657.9 | 111.20 |
S5 | 400 | 0.432 | 84.17 | 51.61 | 54.17 | 214466.5 | 123.90 |
T5 | 400 | 0.446 | 62.09 | 46.22 | 61.92 | 196467.8 | 115.60 |
2) 1” Water Column
| Air | Air side | Air | Udlinear | LMTD | Heat Load | Outlet |
Tube | Velocity | Pr Drop | Co eff | | | | temp |
P4 | 1100 | 0.994 | 51.60 | 28.65 | 93.00 | 274317.6 | 71.0 |
R2 | 900 | 0.954 | 56.55 | 37.07 | 88.14 | 263475.0 | 79.0 |
L fin | 1100 | 0.996 | 47.78 | 32.23 | 94.80 | 259350.0 | 67.3 |
S1 | 1100 | 1.070 | 62.04 | 41.43 | 91.38 | 290418.9 | 73.7 |
S2 | 900 | 0.944 | 71.20 | 45.72 | 84.10 | 294701.7 | 85.4 |
S3 | 800 | 0.973 | 81.65 | 50.17 | 78.18 | 300556.7 | 94.30 |
S4 | 700 | 0.900 | 87.04 | 52.35 | 72.79 | 291828.4 | 101.90 |
S5 | 600 | 0.930 | 106.12 | 59.11 | 63.63 | 288196.1 | 113.60 |
T5 | 600 | 0.990 | 81.81 | 56.33 | 69.02 | 266402.5 | 106.90 |
2) 1.5” Water Column
| Air | Air side | Air | Udlinear | LMTD | Heat Load | Outlet |
Tube | Velocity | Pr Drop | Co eff | | | | temp |
P4 | 1400 | 1.495 | 59.06 | 30.82 | 96.39 | 305110.6 | 65.2 |
R2 | 1100 | 1.414 | 62.64 | 39.59 | 91.26 | 291611.6 | 73.9 |
L fin | 1400 | 1.505 | 53.82 | 35.20 | 97.80 | 91900.0 | 62.4 |
S1 | 1300 | 1.485 | 68.23 | 44.10 | 93.65 | 316441.1 | 69.9 |
S2 | 1100 | 1.393 | 79.83 | 49.13 | 87.40 | 329181.2 | 80.2 |
S3 | 1000 | 1.493 | 92.73 | 54.15 | 82.35 | 342083.8 | 88.10 |
S4 | 900 | 1.453 | 100.44 | 56.92 | 77.91 | 340078.0 | 94.70 |
S5 | 800 | 1.598 | 124.94 | 64.53 | 70.33 | 347830.4 | 105.20 |
T5 | 700 | 1.341 | 90.85 | 60.47 | 71.68 | 297520.8 | 103.40 |
2) 2” Water Column
| Air | Air side | Air | Udlinear | LMTD | Heat Load | Outlet |
Tube | Velocity | Pr Drop | Co eff | | | | temp |
P4 | 1500 | 1.681 | 61.39 | 31.44 | 97.25 | 314706.3 | 63.7 |
R2 | 1300 | 1.963 | 68.21 | 41.75 | 93.71 | 315736.3 | 69.8 |
L fin | 1500 | 1.695 | 55.65 | 36.09 | 98.60 | 301350.0 | 61.1 |
S1 | 1500 | 1.968 | 74.02 | 46.45 | 95.46 | 339915.3 | 66.8 |
S2 | 1300 | 1.927 | 87.81 | 52.04 | 89.99 | 359432.0 | 76.0 |
S3 | 1200 | 2.118 | 102.87 | 57.45 | 85.64 | 377322.3 | 83.0 |
S4 | 1100 | 2.128 | 112.60 | 60.62 | 81.88 | 380466.6 | 88.80 |
S5 | 900 | 1.994 | 133.64 | 66.77 | 73.01 | 373744.2 | 101.60 |
T5 | 900 | 2.195 | 105.78 | 66.74 | 76.45 | 350324.2 | 96.80 |
Analysis of the Data generated:
Performance of any Fin tube cooler is a combination of its Air side Coefficient and tubeside coefficient as given by the general formula:
Ud = h’fi*h’i/h’fi+h’i
Where:
Ud = overall heat transfer Coefficient
h’fi = Heat transfer coefficient on fin side of the tube.
h’i = Heat transfer coefficient inside the tube
From this formula it can be observed that any increase of the coefficient on one side (Air or tube) will lead to a less than proportional increase in the overall coefficient.
So to get a fair idea of the performance of a fin tube we have to look at both the Airside performance as well as the overall performance to see its individual impact as well as composite impact. We have accordingly in the interest of transparency, given both the airside coefficient as well as the overall coefficient.
The lower material consumption per meter of fin tube offsets in part its greater labour cost giving a surprisingly economical fin tube. When the lower length of fin tube required in any equipment is factored in, it becomes definitely very cost effective.
Now the findings:
1. In the general Airflow velocity range of 800 to 1200 the pressure drop of S1 pin fin tube is almost identical to the 10 FPI L fin tube. However the airside coefficient is higher by 26 - 30%. Similarly the overall coefficient is higher by 28% in the case of 3-bar steam in the tubes.
2. For S5 the overall coefficient is 220% and airside coefficient is 300% of the coefficient of the 10 FPI L fin tube. This implies a reduction to 40% in panel size for the same performance.
3. The wire fin tube hits the pressure drop limit at a lower airflow rate as compared to the L fin tube. However at this lower air flow it has a much higher coefficient than the L fin tube operating at the higher airflow rate giving a higher total heat load. This translates into significant power saving.
4. The outlet Air temperature achieved at different flow rates is higher for the S5 Panel by about 25 degrees centigrade. Again this implies that one can achieve the desired air temperature with a lower number of fin tube rows.
5. Again with the log mean temperature difference(LMTD) we are able to achieve an improvement of about 18-24 degrees between the 10 FPI L fin tube and S5. A tighter LMTD means a much more efficient heat exchanger.
6. Notwithstanding the tight LMTD achieved, the heat load for S5 is higher by 60-61% for S5 compared to the 10 FPI L panel.
7. While the difference is very large for S5 and 10 FPI L fin, it is also substantial when compared with S1, the lowest configuration.
8. Copper fins give a 15% higher airside coefficient and an 8 - 10% higher overall coefficient as compared to Stainless Steel or Carbon Steel fins.
In a nutshell, we can achieve a reduction in number of rows of the steam air heater, by approx. 50%. We can achieve a further reduction in weight as the wire fin tube is much lighter than the L fin tube. (If the same metal is used, by over 50%. In case the L fin is made of Aluminium the weight may be about the same). A significant reduction in power consumption is also achieved. We are able to substitute Aluminium strip fins with Stainless Steel wire fins without an increase in cost or weight.
Designing one's own heat exchangers
We have made it easy to design one's own heat exchangers by providing extensive data. Also by presenting the data in the form of 1x1 meter 3 row Panels, and expressing the coefficient in linear terms we have made it easy to predict performance by scaling up these panels in face area or number of rows. We have tried to make it intuitive.
For easy reference we have also given a graph comparing the same panel 3 kgs with 10 kgs steam.
By isolating the airside coefficient, we have made it possible for designers to use the data for any other type of heat exchanger like Oil Coolers, Water Coolers or any other Air-Cooled heat exchangers.
The Data tables have given a color code to values where the typical allowable pressure drops are reached. (.5, 1, 1.5 & 2 inches of water column). This allows one to select the most appropriate tube and airflow rate for a given allowable pressure drop. This also allows one to easily optimize their fin tube type and panel sizing.
Air sup velocity | Udlinear | Air coefficient btu/hr. ft |
fpm | btu/hr. ft F | deg C |
| P4 | R2 | L fin | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | T5 | P4 | R2 | L fin | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | T5 |
200 | 12.61 | 16.69 | 16.80 | 19.76 | 24.43 | 28.86 | 32.19 | 39.79 | 31.92 | 15.68 | 19.75 | 22.32 | 23.48 | 30.21 | 37.05 | 42.61 | 56.70 | 38.76 |
300 | 16.47 | 21.30 | 20.40 | 23.91 | 29.33 | 34.38 | 38.13 | 46.53 | 39.82 | 22.13 | 26.55 | 27.86 | 29.58 | 38.07 | 46.68 | 53.69 | 71.44 | 51.06 |
400 | 19.65 | 25.11 | 22.67 | 27.24 | 33.20 | 38.68 | 42.71 | 51.61 | 46.22 | 28.26 | 32.75 | 31.22 | 34.85 | 44.85 | 55.00 | 63.26 | 84.17 | 62.09 |
500 | 21.73 | 28.38 | 24.20 | 30.04 | 36.42 | 42.21 | 46.45 | 55.68 | 51.64 | 32.79 | 38.55 | 33.63 | 39.59 | 50.93 | 62.45 | 71.83 | 95.55 | 72.27 |
600 | 23.63 | 31.25 | 25.71 | 32.48 | 39.18 | 45.24 | 49.62 | 59.11 | 56.33 | 37.32 | 44.04 | 36.04 | 43.90 | 56.51 | 69.31 | 79.73 | 106.12 | 81.81 |
700 | 24.70 | 34.01 | 27.17 | 34.63 | 41.61 | 47.86 | 52.35 | 62.01 | 60.47 | 40.06 | 49.73 | 38.45 | 47.95 | 61.70 | 75.67 | 87.04 | 115.82 | 90.85 |
800 | 25.85 | 35.62 | 28.53 | 36.57 | 43.77 | 50.17 | 54.76 | 64.53 | 64.18 | 43.17 | 53.25 | 40.85 | 51.74 | 66.58 | 81.65 | 93.91 | 124.94 | 99.48 |
900 | 26.88 | 37.07 | 29.82 | 38.33 | 45.72 | 52.26 | 56.92 | 66.77 | 66.74 | 46.12 | 56.55 | 43.23 | 55.33 | 71.20 | 87.32 | 100.44 | 133.64 | 105.78 |
1000 | 27.81 | 38.38 | 31.09 | 39.94 | 47.50 | 54.15 | 58.86 | 68.79 | 69.11 | 48.92 | 59.67 | 45.56 | 58.75 | 75.61 | 92.73 | 106.68 | 141.96 | 111.85 |
1100 | 28.65 | 39.59 | 32.23 | 41.43 | 49.13 | 55.86 | 60.62 | 70.58 | 71.28 | 51.60 | 62.64 | 47.78 | 62.04 | 79.83 | 97.89 | 112.60 | 149.81 | 117.65 |
1200 | 29.43 | 40.71 | 33.29 | 42.81 | 50.64 | 57.45 | 62.24 | 72.23 | 73.28 | 54.18 | 65.48 | 49.89 | 65.20 | 83.89 | 102.87 | 118.32 | 157.42 | 123.20 |
1300 | 30.15 | 41.75 | 34.28 | 44.10 | 52.04 | 58.91 | 63.74 | 73.75 | 75.14 | 56.66 | 68.21 | 51.90 | 68.23 | 87.81 | 107.68 | 123.86 | 164.81 | 128.54 |
1400 | 30.82 | 42.72 | 35.20 | 45.31 | 53.35 | 60.27 | 65.12 | 75.13 | 76.87 | 59.06 | 70.84 | 53.82 | 71.18 | 91.60 | 112.32 | 129.20 | 171.90 | 133.69 |
1500 | 31.44 | 43.63 | 36.09 | 46.45 | 54.58 | 61.55 | 66.41 | 76.43 | 78.49 | 61.39 | 73.38 | 55.65 | 74.02 | 95.27 | 116.84 | 134.41 | 178.86 | 138.67 |
Air sup velocity | Air outlet temp deg C | Heat load |
fpm |
kcal/hr. |
| P4 | R2 | L fin | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | T5 | P4 | R2 | L fin | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | T5 |
200 | 107.3 | 108.8 | 108.1 | 113.6 | 121.9 | 127.60 | 130.80 | 135.80 | 127.2 | 89234.5 | 90860.9 | 92400.0 | 96065.4 | 105064.7 | 111245.0 | 114714.6 | 120135.9 | 110811.3 |
300 | 101.3 | 101.9 | 99.7 | 104.6 | 113.3 | 119.60 | 123.30 | 129.70 | 120.9 | 124093.5 | 125069.3 | 124950.0 | 129460.6 | 143610.2 | 153856.4 | 159874.0 | 170282.9 | 155970.7 |
400 | 96.5 | 96.6 | 92.3 | 97.8 | 106.4 | 112.90 | 116.80 | 123.90 | 115.6 | 155049.1 | 155265.9 | 150150.0 | 157868.2 | 176517.4 | 190612.8 | 199070.0 | 214466.5 | 196467.8 |
500 | 91.2 | 92.2 | 85.7 | 92.4 | 100.8 | 107.20 | 111.20 | 118.50 | 111.0 | 179444.9 | 182155.6 | 169050.0 | 182697.7 | 205467.2 | 222815.3 | 233657.9 | 253445.6 | 233115.8 |
600 | 87.1 | 88.6 | 80.9 | 88.0 | 96.1 | 102.30 | 106.30 | 113.60 | 106.9 | 201997.5 | 206876.7 | 186900.0 | 204925.0 | 231272.5 | 251439.8 | 264450.9 | 288196.1 | 266402.5 |
700 | 82.5 | 85.7 | 77.3 | 84.3 | 92.0 | 98.10 | 101.90 | 109.20 | 103.4 | 218207.2 | 230350.9 | 203700.0 | 225038.0 | 254258.8 | 277407.8 | 291828.4 | 319531.2 | 297520.8 |
800 | 79.0 | 82.1 | 74.1 | 81.1 | 88.5 | 94.30 | 98.10 | 105.20 | 100.2 | 234200.0 | 247644.8 | 218400.0 | 243307.8 | 275401.9 | 300556.7 | 317037.4 | 347830.4 | 326145.2 |
900 | 76.0 | 79.0 | 71.5 | 78.3 | 85.4 | 91.00 | 94.70 | 101.60 | 96.8 | 248837.5 | 263475.0 | 233100.0 | 260059.6 | 294701.7 | 322025.0 | 340078.0 | 373744.2 | 350324.2 |
1000 | 73.3 | 76.3 | 69.3 | 75.8 | 82.7 | 88.10 | 91.60 | 98.30 | 93.7 | 261848.6 | 278112.5 | 246750.0 | 275401.9 | 312808.8 | 342083.8 | 361058.4 | 397381.1 | 372443.1 |
1100 | 71.0 | 73.9 | 67.3 | 73.7 | 80.2 | 85.40 | 88.80 | 95.30 | 91.0 | 274317.6 | 291611.6 | 259350.0 | 290418.9 | 329181.2 | 360191.0 | 380466.6 | 419228.9 | 393586.2 |
1200 | 68.9 | 71.7 | 65.5 | 71.7 | 78.0 | 83.00 | 86.30 | 92.60 | 88.4 | 285593.9 | 303809.5 | 270900.0 | 303809.5 | 344794.5 | 377322.3 | 398790.6 | 439775.6 | 412452.3 |
1300 | 67.0 | 69.8 | 63.9 | 69.9 | 76.0 | 80.80 | 83.90 | 90.00 | 86.1 | 296002.8 | 315736.3 | 281400.0 | 316441.1 | 359432.0 | 393260.9 | 415108.7 | 458099.6 | 430613.6 |
1400 | 65.2 | 68 | 62.4 | 68.3 | 74.1 | 78.70 | 81.80 | 87.70 | 84.0 | 305110.6 | 326362.1 | 291900.0 | 328639.0 | 372660.0 | 407573.1 | 431101.5 | 475881.5 | 447799.1 |
1500 | 63.7 | 66.4 | 61.1 | 66.8 | 72.4 | 76.90 | 79.80 | 85.50 | 82.1 | 314706.3 | 336662.5 | 301350.0 | 339915.3 | 385454.2 | 422048.0 | 445630.6 | 491982.7 | 464334.1 |
Air sup velocity | LMTD | Air side
pr drop
in wc |
fpm | deg C |
| P4 | R2 | L fin | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | T5 | P4 | R2 | L fin | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | T5 |
200 | 68.71 | 67.54 | 65.2 | 63.63 | 56.15 | 50.24 | 46.46 | 39.43 | 50.68 | 0.055 | 0.049 | 0.07 | 0.038 | 0.051 | 0.067 | 0.081 | 0.115 | 0.113 |
300 | 73.23 | 72.79 | 72.2 | 70.78 | 63.88 | 58.33 | 54.77 | 47.81 | 57.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.128 | 0.083 | 0.112 | 0.147 | 0.178 | 0.25 | 0.253 |
400 | 76.66 | 76.59 | 78 | 75.74 | 69.41 | 64.21 | 60.87 | 54.17 | 61.92 | 0.18 | 0.194 | 0.194 | 0.147 | 0.196 | 0.257 | 0.309 | 0.432 | 0.446 |
500 | 80.29 | 79.61 | 82.3 | 79.48 | 73.59 | 68.79 | 65.61 | 59.34 | 65.78 | 0.262 | 0.301 | 0.273 | 0.227 | 0.302 | 0.394 | 0.473 | 0.66 | 0.692 |
600 | 83 | 82.02 | 85.8 | 82.41 | 76.94 | 72.5 | 69.49 | 63.63 | 69.02 | 0.357 | 0.43 | 0.368 | 0.325 | 0.43 | 0.56 | 0.671 | 0.93 | 0.99 |
700 | 85.95 | 83.91 | 88.4 | 84.81 | 79.75 | 75.53 | 72.79 | 67.22 | 71.68 | 0.463 | 0.583 | 0.471 | 0.44 | 0.58 | 0.753 | 0.9 | 1.243 | 1.341 |
800 | 88.14 | 86.21 | 90.5 | 86.84 | 82.08 | 78.18 | 75.53 | 70.33 | 74.03 | 0.58 | 0.758 | 0.587 | 0.572 | 0.751 | 0.973 | 1.161 | 1.598 | 1.743 |
900 | 89.99 | 88.14 | 92.1 | 88.58 | 84.1 | 80.42 | 77.91 | 73.01 | 76.45 | 0.708 | 0.954 | 0.711 | 0.721 | 0.944 | 1.22 | 1.453 | 1.994 | 2.195 |
1000 | 91.62 | 89.81 | 93.5 | 90.11 | 85.83 | 82.35 | 80.02 | 75.39 | 78.6 | 0.846 | 1.173 | 0.847 | 0.887 | 1.158 | 1.493 | 1.775 | 2.429 | 2.697 |
1100 | 93 | 91.26 | 94.8 | 91.38 | 87.4 | 84.1 | 81.88 | 77.49 | 80.42 | 0.994 | 1.414 | 0.996 | 1.07 | 1.393 | 1.792 | 2.128 | 2.904 | 3.25 |
1200 | 94.24 | 92.58 | 95.9 | 92.58 | 88.76 | 85.64 | 83.52 | 79.34 | 82.15 | 1.152 | 1.678 | 1.153 | 1.269 | 1.649 | 2.118 | 2.511 | 3.419 | 3.853 |
1300 | 95.35 | 93.71 | 96.9 | 93.65 | 89.99 | 87.02 | 85.06 | 81.09 | 83.65 | 1.319 | 1.963 | 1.323 | 1.485 | 1.927 | 2.47 | 2.926 | 3.974 | 4.506 |
1400 | 96.39 | 94.76 | 97.8 | 94.59 | 91.14 | 88.33 | 86.4 | 82.61 | 85 | 1.495 | 2.27 | 1.505 | 1.718 | 2.225 | 2.847 | 3.368 | 4.565 | 5.209 |
1500 | 97.25 | 95.7 | 98.6 | 95.46 | 92.16 | 89.44 | 87.65 | 84.04 | 86.21 | 1.681 | 2.6 | 1.695 | 1.968 | 2.544 | 3.25 | 3.842 | 5.196 | 5.963 |
Air sup Velocity fpm | Ud/panel | Air Coefficient |
btu/hr panel F | btu/hr paneldeg C |
| P4 | R2 | L fin | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | T5 | P4 | R2 | L fin | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | T5 |
200 | 3185 | 3284 | 3141 | 3694 | 4568 | 5396 | 6019 | 7438 | 5339 | 3960 | 3886 | 4173 | 4390 | 5648 | 6926 | 7967 | 10600 | 6483 |
300 | 4161 | 4191 | 3814 | 4470 | 5483 | 6427 | 7129 | 8699 | 6661 | 5590 | 5225 | 5208 | 5531 | 7117 | 8728 | 10039 | 13357 | 8541 |
400 | 4962 | 4942 | 4239 | 5093 | 6207 | 7231 | 7985 | 9649 | 7732 | 7138 | 6446 | 5837 | 6516 | 8385 | 10283 | 11827 | 15737 | 10387 |
500 | 5489 | 5585 | 4524 | 5617 | 6808 | 7892 | 8684 | 10410 | 8638 | 8282 | 7586 | 6288 | 7401 | 9522 | 11676 | 13429 | 17864 | 12089 |
600 | 5969 | 6150 | 4806 | 6072 | 7325 | 8457 | 9278 | 11051 | 9423 | 9426 | 8666 | 6738 | 8208 | 10565 | 12958 | 14907 | 19839 | 13685 |
700 | 6239 | 6693 | 5080 | 6475 | 7779 | 8947 | 9788 | 11592 | 10116 | 10118 | 9787 | 7189 | 8964 | 11536 | 14147 | 16273 | 21653 | 15197 |
800 | 6529 | 7010 | 5333 | 6836 | 8184 | 9381 | 10238 | 12064 | 10736 | 10904 | 10480 | 7638 | 9674 | 12448 | 15264 | 17557 | 23360 | 16641 |
900 | 6789 | 7295 | 5575 | 7165 | 8548 | 9770 | 10641 | 12484 | 11165 | 11647 | 11129 | 8082 | 10345 | 13312 | 16325 | 18778 | 24986 | 17694 |
1000 | 7023 | 7554 | 5812 | 7467 | 8881 | 10123 | 11005 | 12861 | 11561 | 12355 | 11743 | 8518 | 10984 | 14136 | 17338 | 19944 | 26541 | 18711 |
1100 | 7237 | 7792 | 6026 | 7745 | 9186 | 10444 | 11333 | 13196 | 11924 | 13033 | 12328 | 8933 | 11599 | 14925 | 18302 | 21051 | 28008 | 19680 |
1200 | 7433 | 8012 | 6225 | 8004 | 9468 | 10740 | 11636 | 13504 | 12258 | 13683 | 12887 | 9327 | 2189 | 15684 | 19233 | 22121 | 29430 | 20609 |
1300 | 7614 | 8216 | 6409 | 8245 | 9730 | 11014 | 11916 | 13788 | 12569 | 14311 | 13424 | 9704 | 12757 | 16417 | 20132 | 23158 | 30814 | 21502 |
1400 | 7783 | 8407 | 6581 | 8472 | 9974 | 11269 | 12175 | 14047 | 12859 | 14917 | 13941 | 10061 | 13308 | 17125 | 21000 | 24155 | 32139 | 22363 |
1500 | 7940 | 8586 | 6748 | 8685 | 10204 | 11507 | 12417 | 14290 | 13130 | 15505 | 14441 | 10404 | 13840 | 17812 | 21845 | 25129 | 33440 | 23196 |
In our study we have isolated the airside and tube side coefficient and dealt with how to enhance both to get the optimum result.
The relevant literature can also be downloaded from the following websites
|